majority of University of Bristol students self-isolating when receiving a positive test

The majority of University of Bristol students are complying with government COVID-19 guidelines and are self-isolating when receiving a positive test, indicates a study that has investigated student social contact patterns and behaviours. The research led by scientists at the University of Bristol is published on the pre-print server medRxiv.

In addition to national COVID-19 restrictions, UK universities implemented a range of measures to reduce transmission from September 2020. This included providing blended learning with lectures online and in-person teaching in smaller Covid secure classrooms and labs.  Universities also introduced 'living circles' to help prevent the spread of the virus from different student groups and accommodation, together with increased measures such as cleaning regimes in accommodation and learning environments.  However, despite these measures, outbreaks of COVID-19 have still occurred across many UK universities.

Mass migration of students to and from university occurs at the start and end of each term and students have different contact patterns to the rest of the population. Understanding these contact patterns in real time, and how people physically distance from each other in different settings and among different groups, is important to help mathematical modelling experts and policy makers design effective control strategies for preventing infection transmission.

In response, researchers from the Bristol UNCOVER group launched CON-QUEST (COroNavirus QUESTionnaire), an anonymous online questionnaire to find out from University of Bristol students and staff about their contacts, symptoms and behaviours. The questionnaire began in June 2020 and is ongoing.  In the preprint, the researchers have focused on student responses from the start of the 2020/2021 academic year (740 students had completed the questionnaire between 14 September and 1 November 2020).

The study found students reported an average of six daily number of contacts, which is lower than in previous student contact questionnaires conducted before the pandemic, (such as 29.9 contacts in the Warwick social contact survey and 11.7 contacts in the POLYMOD [Improving Public Health Policy in Europe through the Modelling and Economic Evaluation of Interventions for the Control of Infectious Diseases] study).  This suggests students have changed their behaviour in response to the guidance issued during the current pandemic. However, the study found that some students have large numbers of daily contacts, mainly dictated by their large household sizes, seen particularly in halls of residence.

There was variety in the number of daily contacts reported, with one being the most common number of daily contacts, while eight per cent of students had more than 20 contacts. However, selection bias for those who are particularly concerned about COVID-19 may have occurred and led to under-representation of those who are less likely to abide by the guidelines and so there may be a higher percentage of students having large numbers of contacts than was captured in the questionnaire. Reporting bias may also be an issue where individuals fail to recall or report the extent of their true contacts. Around 40 per cent of student contacts were with individuals not affiliated with the University, indicating the potential for transmission outside of the University. Encouragingly, 99 per cent of students in the questionnaire who had tested positive in the prior fortnight had been self-isolating.

In terms of symptoms, the research findings show that among students who tested positive for COVID-19, 19 per cent did not report having any of the main symptoms (fever, cough, loss of taste or smell), while 43 per cent did not report a cough or a fever. This is important, given that at present a person must have one of these main symptoms to be eligible for a free NHS COVID-19 test. Testing asymptomatic students, has recently been initiated as part of the voluntary mass testing events of all students in the run up to the winter break. The data from this mass testing initiative will be valuable in establishing the incidence and prevalence of COVID-19 in the student population. The data generated in this study provides useful insights into student contact patterns and behaviours during the University term and will therefore help to inform future models of transmission dynamics for 2021.

The researchers make a series of recommendations, these include:

Some students have large numbers of daily contacts, largely due to their household size and even self-isolating students cannot eliminate social contact entirely, this needs to be taken into account by planners and policy makers.

Students should be encouraged to limit their contacts with those outside of the university where possible to avoid community transmission. 

Testing students who are not displaying the main COVID-19 symptoms, for example, in mass testing events, is likely to be important in understanding more about the incidence and prevalence in this population

As students are more likely to be asymptomatic than the general population, they should be encouraged to adhere to physical distancing, hand washing and mask wearing measures.

Emily Nixon, Research Associate in Bristol’s School of Biological Sciences and Bristol Veterinary School, who is leading the study, said: "While university students, due to their young age, are generally less adversely affected by COVID-19 than other groups, they have the potential to transmit the virus to others, including their family, so it is important for us to understand how the virus is transmitted in the student population.

"Our findings provide a clearer picture of how contact patterns and physical distancing behaviours change over time and with different measures in place within the student population. We hope our latest recommendations can be used to help guide higher education sector measures and government policy.

"We would also like to express our thanks to Bristol students and staff for taking the time to complete this important questionnaire."

The study, funded by the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute and supported by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, is one of a number being conducted by UNCOVER Bristol's COVID Emergency Research Group. Other questionnaires are focusing on under-represented groups, including children and older adults.

If you are a University of Bristol student or member of staff  you can still take part in this ongoing questionnaire that will enable researchers to collect data as the pandemic progresses and help researchers monitor changes as testing is rolled out, over the winter holidays and when students return in January.